US Foreign Policy

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# US Foreign Policy
## The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
### Michael E. Flynn
### Kansas State University
### Updated: 2021-09-13

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# Lecture Overview

1. Historical Trends

2. What are bureaucracies?

3. Why do they matter?

4. The State Department

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# Key Questions

1. How did the foreign policy buraucracy change between the pre- and post-War periods?

2. Why/How might suboptimal policy outcomes result from otherwise good actors following organizational mandates?

3. How are actors at different positiosn in a bureaucratic hierarchy able to exercise power and influence?

4. How has the State Department's role in foreign policymaking changed over time?

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# What Are Bureaucracies?

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# What Are Bureaucracies?

Executive bureaucracy before World War II

- Very small

- Creation of the Executive Office of the President (EOP) in 1939

- Foreign policy activism spurs demand for personnel, expertise

- Senior administrators up through World War II generall had little government experience

- Bureaucracy didn't become a "career" until post-1940s

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# What Are Bureaucracies?

What they do:

- Day-to-day management and operations of the government

- Help to formulate policies

- Provide expertise and advice in different policy areas

- Coordinate actions of various bureaucratic actors

- Execute and implement policies

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# What Are Bureaucracies?

Functional Differentiation:

- The specialization of different governmental units

- Works at different levels:

- State Department vs Defense Department
  
  - Navy vs Army
  
  - Artillery vs Armor
  
  
  
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# What Are Bureaucracies?

Different bureaucratic agencies

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- State Department
- Defense Department 
- Treasury Department
- Department of Energy
- Department of Homeland Security
- Department of Commerce
- Department of Agriculture
- US Agency for International Development
- Department of Labor
- FBI
- NSA
]

.pull-right[
- Army
- Navy
- Air Force
- Marine Corps
- Coast Guard
- National Guard
- CIA
- DIA
- Customs and Border Patrol
- US Postal Service
- NASA
]

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Bureaucracy has a reputation for redundancy...

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And waste...

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# Why Do Bureaucracies Matter?

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# Why Do Bureaucracies Matter?

They're responsible for a lot...

- Presidents make thousands of appointments after entering office

- Hundreds of these relate to foreign policymaking

- Direct presidential involvement varies

- Personal taste

- Big three: State, Defense, Treasury
  
  - Subordinates?
  
  
  
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# Why Do Bureaucracies Matter?

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Robert Lovett:

- Undersecretary of State

- Deputy Secretary of Defense

- Secretary of Defense

- Lovett was given his choice of State, Defense, or Treasury by President Kennedy.

- To right: Robert Lovett (a Republican) is sworn in as President Truman's (a Democrat) Secretary of Defense on September 17, 1951.
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<img src="../images/robert-lovett.jpg" style="width:400px; height:300px;">
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# Why Do Bureaucracies Matter?

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Paul Nitze:

- Secretary of the Navy

- Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs

- Director of State Department Policy Planning Staff

- Deputy Secretary of Defense

- Principal author of NSC-68
]

.pull-right[
<img src="../images/paul-nitze.jpg" style="width:300px; height:400px; left:75px; top:-20px;">
]

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# Why Do Bureaucracies Matter?

Power and influence

- Principals

- Deputies

- Issue Area

- Prestige

Position in bureaucratic hierarchy doesn't always match influence

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<figure>
<img src="../images/paul-nitze.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Paul Nitze</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="../images/paul-wolfowitz.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Paul Wolfowitz</figcaption>
</figure>

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<figure>
<img src="../images/george-kennan.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>George Kennan</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="../images/robert-kennedy.jpeg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Robert Kennedy</figcaption>
</figure>

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<figure>
<img src="../images/chuck-hagel.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Chuck Hagel</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="../images/james-mattis.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>James Mattis</figcaption>
</figure>

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# Why Do Bureaucracies Matter?

### Organizational and individuals motivations and goals

- Fulfill organization's basic operational mandates/missions

- Advance the interests of their organization

- Fulfill basic responsibilities of individual position

- Advance personal interests and power

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# Why Do Bureaucracies Matter?

### Common Problems

- Capture

- Stove-piping

- Groupthink

- Turf battles

- Slow adaptation

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<figure>
<img src="../images/leon-panetta.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Leon Panetta</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="../images/james-clapper.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>James Clapper</figcaption>
</figure>

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# The State Department

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# The State Department

The Secretary of State is the chief diplomat of the Untied States

- *Supposed* to be the principal adviser to the president on foreign affairs

- Provides expertise and information on a variety of policy questions and geographic areas

- Responsible for embassies and diplomats around the world

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# The State Department

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Ambassadors

- Position of ambassador is relatively new

- Created in 1893

- "Minister" was formerly the highest ranking diplomatic position for the United States

- Ambassadorships awarded to country/region exports, but also to political allies

To right: Former US Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Matthew Barzun. Barzun also worked on President Obama's campaign.
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<img src="../images/matthew-barzun.jpg" style="width:300px; height:400px; left:75px; top:-20px;">
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# The State Department

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Historically the primary foreign policymaking body

Secretaries of State were very influential

Prominent officeholders include:

- Thomas Jefferson (to right)
- James Madison
- James Monroe
- John Quincy Adams
- Martin Van Buren
- James Buchanan
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.pull-right[
<img src="../images/thomas-jefferson.jpg" style="width:300px; height:400px; left:75px; top:-20px;">
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# The State Department

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Dean Acheson

- Secretary of State Under President Truman

- Epic Mustache

- Targeted during the Red Scare by Congressional Republicans. The State Department was the subject of intense criticism by Republicans who claimed that communists had infiltrated the US government.
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<img src="../images/dean-acheson.jpg" style="width:300px; height:400px; left:75px; height:-75px;">
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<figure>
<img src="../images/william-rogers.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>William Rogers</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="../images/henry-kissinger.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Henry Kissinger</figcaption>
</figure>

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<figure>
<img src="../images/colin-powell.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Colin Powell</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="../images/donald-rumsfeld.jpg" style="width:400px; height:400px">
<figcaption>Donald Rumsfeld</figcaption>
</figure>

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# The State Department

State in decline

- Basic organizational mandate

- Organizational structure

- Emphasized qualities of Foreign Service Officers

- Gaps between Washington and local offices

- Growth of alternative organizations/offices