Trends in alliance ties and troop deployments
Why allies?
Alliances and security issues
Alliances and economic issues
Why do states form alliances?
How do allies help redistribute the costs of war?
What is the relationship between economic interests and security cooperation?
What are the differences between bilateral vs. multilateral alliances?
What are the tradeoffs associated with the United States' alliance relationships?
Burden sharing
Distribute the costs of military operations
Defense
Offense
Deter Adversaries
Coordinate capabilities
Burden sharing: What it's not
A point of conflict among NATO members in recent years
President Trump repeatedly criticized NATO for taking advantage of the US
Has pressed allies to give US more in exchange for "protection"
To right: President Trump at a NATO summit with other alliance member leaders in Brussels, 2018.
Influence and control
Example: NATO
NATO is a highly institutionalized alliance, with annual review processes, meetings, etc.
Rules for expansion
US Enjoys special privileges
To right: General Tod Wolters, Commander US European Command, Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR).
Influence and control
Alliance ties can allow members to exert influence on other member states
Example: NATO
Intended to deter Russian aggression
Also intended to facilitate cooperation among European countries
To right: Lord Hastings Lionel Ismay, first Secretary General of NATO
Most security relationships are asymmetric
Why form a relationship with weaker partners?
Security-Autonomy tradeoff
Smaller states give up foreign policy autonomy
More powerful state agrees to provide security for smaller states
In exchange, the more powerful state gets various benefits
Why does the US ally with weaker states?
Security Autonomy Tradeoff: Even when the US partners with weaker states if often gets things in return. Access is a big one!
So what does this look like?
The US has alliance agreements with a lot of different countries
As a part of these agreements the US often gets access to territory for things like military bases
Alliance agreements might also be used to shape other states' security policies in related areas
To right: President Gerald Ford with South Korean President Park Chung-hee in Seoul, 1974. Photo courtesey of George Washington University National Security Archives.
Military alliances don't just serve security goals
Alliances are related to a broader range of states' policy goals
Security relationships affect economic and political relationships
But economic and political relationships also affect security relationships
"Issue linkage"
"Guns vs Butter" framework
States have things they want to do, but have limited resources
This means they have to strike a balance, or mixture, of policy outputs with those limited resources
Allied state gives up some control over its foreign policy for greater security
This lets the allied state shift resources away from defense to other policy areas while not reducing overall policy outputs
Indirect relationships also matter
Security relationships do not exist in a vacuum
US relations with "third-party" states also matters
Trends in alliance ties and troop deployments
Why allies?
Alliances and security issues
Alliances and economic issues
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